非谓语动词
非谓语动词用法：
（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。
4 It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。
常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
（2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
（3）作宾语：口诀 决心学会想希望，decide/ determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish
拒绝设法愿假装；refuse, manage, care, pretend
主动答应选计划，offer/order, promise, choose, plan,
同意请求帮一帮。 agree, ask/beg, help
如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation inRussia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些动词如在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。当他们转换成被动语态时，作为主语补足语的不定式必须带to （五看三使两听一感觉）但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：当名词被first, last, second以及only等词修饰时，其后可用不定式作定语。且充当定语的不定式不含有将来意义或情态意义，却经常含有过去时意义。
She was the first to come.
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题
1． “to” 是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。
agree to object to close to,come to,lead to,refer to,
equal to,similar to,point to,thank to,devote to,next to,belong to,be used to,look forward to apply---to
2． 带to 还是不带to
I have no choice but to give in
I cannot do anything but give in
3． 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .
区别：当使用for时，句中形容词修饰的是不定式；而用of时，句中形容词修饰逻辑主语。
It’s necessary for you to study hard .（necessary 修饰 to study hard，表示学习努力是有必要的）
It’s foolish of him to do it .（foolish 修饰逻辑主语him）
与of 连用的形容词有：
good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,…
与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词：
possible，impossible，easy，hard，difficult，necessary，…
需
4.不定式作宾语补足语时省略to的情况：若不定式前的谓语动词是使役动词make，let，have（表示“让、使”）、感官动词see，watch，look at，observe， notice，hear，listen to， feel时，不定式符号to可以省略。这些动词亦可总结为口诀：“三使五看两听一感觉”。例如：
Let's （to）go！走吧！
He saw the thief （to）steal a lady’s cellphone.
注：改为被动句时要把to还原，例如：
The thief was seen tosteal a lady’s cellphone.
5．不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to。
want to,wish to,hope to,like to,hate to,plan to,try to,love to,have to,ought to,need to,used to,be able to
6．作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。
The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。
What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它？
如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live. 他无处安身。
This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗？
Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗？
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。
7疑问词 + 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. 做主语、宾语、表语，还可以做定语。（why和if后不能直接跟动词不定式）
He didn’t know how to answer her.
When to start has not been decided.
I don’t know who to ask advice from.
Would you please advise me which to buy?
Please explain (to me) where to begin and how to do it.
8 to 可以省的情况
1. 在下列固定词组或短语之后要跟不带to的不定式
had better…
had best…
would rather…(than…)
would sooner…than…
cannot help but
cannot but
cannot choose but..
may/might as well…
do no more than…
2介词but, except, besides, than,等表示“除了…”之意的词前， 若有 实义动词do时，常用无to的不定式作其介词的宾语，若无实义动词do，则用带to的动词不定式。
He was not able to do anything but/except wait.
He had no choice but to give in.
xchanged views on the question of whom to elect.
why或why not 开头的省略型疑问句中，其后可跟不带to 的不定式。如：
Why get upset just because you got a bad mark?
You are looking tired. Why not take a holiday?
When to start has not been decided.
9某些动词后， 可用it做形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的并于。常见的动词有find, think consider, feel, make等。
They find it difficult to repay the money.
10help后，做宾补和宾语的不定式符号to带不带都可以。如;
He helped her walk across the street.
He often helps do some housework at home.
11 固定用法
综合：so to speak 可以说，可谓
to be exact 精确地说
to be sure 无可否认，诚然
to make things(matters) worse
The dog is, so to speak, a member of the family.
He’s in his mid-fifties; well, fifty-six to be exact.
表真诚：to be fair
to be (perfectly) frank
to be honest
to tell (you) the truth
表总结：to be brief
to conclude
to cut/make a long story short
to sum up
表让步: to put it another way
to say the least 不夸张的说
表顺序：to begin with
to start with
12 主动表被动
1) 不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系，并且不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
I have two letters to answer.
2) 有些结构中，不定式表达被动意义，却用主动形式，因为可以在句子中找到不定式这个动作的发出者。
Give her some books to read.
Would you bring me a bench to sit on?
The morning air is so good to breathe.
注意： 用做定语的不定式为“动词+介词”时，介词不能省略。如：
a piece of paper to write on
a nice place to live in
3) 某些动词的不定式与be连用时，常见的有to blame，to let等。如：
The house is to let.
He is to blame for not driving carefully.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
（1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
（2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
（3）作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon;
承认推迟没得想；admit/permit, delay/put off, fancy;
避免错过继续练，avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice;
否认完成就欣赏；deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate;
禁止想象才冒险，forbid, imagine, risk;
不禁介意准逃亡。can’t help/stand, mind, allow/permit, escape
Memespckafida 妹妹是不吃咖啡的 m-mind e- escape m-miss e- enjoy s- suggest / remmend p-practise c- consider k-keep /keep on a- advise f- finish i- imagine /include d-dislike /delay a- allow /admit/appreaciate/avoid risk
（4）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
2. 注意以下几种结构： Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。动名词的复合结构
由形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格+动名词构=动名词的复合结构，在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语等。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。
Do you mind my/me smoking here?
I insisted on my husband/husband’s paying the bill.
1) 在口语和非正式英语中，这种结构不用在句首，常用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，用米歌词普通格代指所有格。如:
There are many reasons for animals dying out.
2) 如果动名词的复合结构在句首，就必须用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。如：
His smoking caused the fire in the forest.
3) there be的动名词的复合结构为there being如：
What’s the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?
3. 动名词做主语的句型
a waste (of…)
It is/was no(little) good /use + -ing
hardly any good/use
worthwhile /worth one’s while
no way
no sense in
There is/was no point in + -ing
no use/good (in)
nothing worse than
1．There’s no telling what will happen .
=It’s impossible to tell what will happen .
= No one can tell what will happen .
.
3．There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing …
在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换:
trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time
4、动名词作need, want,
require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be
repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。
This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。
The situation in Russian required studying. 俄国形式需要研究?
5 do+限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示“做…事”之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon?
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式：
否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2．现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
④作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑦作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head．
我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看，他一定是个演员。
4. 英语中有一部分分词短语，它独立存在，没有自己的逻辑主语。这些分词短语已成为固定的习惯用语，常被看做句子的插入语，常见的有：
generally speaking
strictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speaking
considering…
judging from/by…
talking all/everything into consideration
（四）过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能：
1．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2．过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。 注意以下几个问题：
1．下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，
forget to do … 忘记要做某事
forget doing… 忘记做了某事
remember to do…记住要做某事
remember doing …记着做了某事
mean to do … 有意要做某事
mean doing … 意味着做了某事
regret to do … 对要做的事表示后悔
regret doing … 对做过去的事后悔
can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事
try to do … 尽力去做某事
try doing 试着做某事
learn to do … 学着去做某事
learn doing … 学会做某事
stop to do … 停下来去做（另一件事）
stop doing … 停止做某事
go on to do … 接着做（另外一件事）
go on doing … 继续做某事
used to do … 过去做某事
be used to doing … 习惯做某事
2．动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别
动名词作定语表达 n+ for doing 的含义
现在分词作定语表达 n+which(who) be doing的含义
如：a sleeping car = a car for sleeping
a running horse = a horse which is running
前者是动名词 ， 后者是现在分词
又如： drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy
2．分词作表语
The news sounds encouraging .
They got very excited .
1）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：
The news is interesting .
He is interested in the news .
doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系 ；done 作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。
2）表语与被动式的区别：
The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（强调动作）
The blackboard is broken . You’d better have it repaired.（强调状态）
3）常作表语的过去分词：
amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done
3．现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别
The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语)
The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时)
My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词)
能回答how-question 的是现在分词，能回答what-question 的动名词，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。
例如： How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging .
What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby .
4．注意的四种结构
Have/get something to do 有某事要做
have /get something done 使某事被做
have/get somebody do something 使某人做某事
have something doing 让某事一直做着 容忍某事的发生
The teacher had us read/ got us to read the text aloud.
You’d better have/get your hair cut.
He managed to get the horse running.
5． 需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词：
seat , prepare , hide , dress
如：I seated myself on the chair .
I was seated on the chair .
6．不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别：
I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 将来)
The building being built on the river is theScienceMuseum. （正在进行）
The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . （ 过去）
7．分词做状语需要注意的一个问题：
分词与句子主语的逻辑关系
Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 错误 )
Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . （ 正确）
8 Seeing 与the city 不是主谓关系；seen 与city 是动宾关系现在分词和过去分词的区别
1) 语态上不同
现在分词表主动，所修饰的人或物时分词动作的执行者；过去分词表示被动，所修饰的人或物时分词动作的承受者。如：
I heard someone closing the door.
I heard the door closed.
2) 时间上不同
现在分词表正进行，过去分词表完成的动作。如：
falling leaves
fallen leaves
3) 特殊分词的分词用法
英语中和很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉”；过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉”。如：
moving – moved disappointing -- disappointed
exciting – excited surprising – surprised
有些及物动词的过去分词表示被动意味并不强，它主要表示的是一种状态或结果。如：
I found him seated at the back of the classroom. (= I found him sitting…)
Lose in the forest, he had to find his way out first.
9逻辑主语构成独立主格：
Time permitting,we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning,he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
10 独立成分
Judging from(by) his appearance,he must be an actor.
从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking,girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心
。
